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International Journal Of Horticulture, Agriculture And Food Science(IJHAF)

Comprehensive Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Biological Parameters in Water Quality Monitoring: A Review of Contaminants, Indicators, and Health Impacts

Shubham Verma , Sneha Verma , Ramakant , Vaibhav Pandey , Adarsh Verma


International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF), Vol-9,Issue-2, April - June 2025, Pages 10-19, 10.22161/ijhaf.9.2.2

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Article Info: Received: 19 Mar 2025; Received in revised form: 21 Apr 2025; Accepted: 27 Apr 2025; Available online: 02 May 2025

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The degradation of water quality due to anthropogenic activities and natural processes poses a significant threat to public health and ecological integrity. This review highlights the biological, chemical, and physical parameters used in water quality monitoring and emphasizes their relevance in identifying pollution sources and associated health risks. We synthesized recent literature examining the roles of key parameters such as pH, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, heavy metals, and microbial indicators (e.g., E. coli, total coliforms). Findings underscore the elevated presence of heavy metals, nutrients, and pathogenic microorganisms in many freshwater systems, especially in densely populated or industrial regions. Agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and poor waste management practices are primary contributors to contamination. Systematic monitoring of physico-chemical and biological parameters is critical for ensuring safe water use. Implementing comprehensive water testing protocols and enforcing environmental regulations are imperative for sustainable water resource management.

Water quality; Physico-chemical parameters; Microbial contamination; Heavy metals; BOD; MPN; Groundwater pollution

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