[ ] Freedman, Maurice. Chinese Lineage and Society: Fukien and Kwangtung. Landon: Athlone Press, 1966. See Freedman, M., Lineage Organization in Southeast China. Landon: Athlone Press, 1958.
[2] Shi, Zhenmin. Ritual Circles and Social Organizations: An Exploration of the Development Model of Settlements on the Changhua Plain, Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, No. 36, 1973, pp. 195.
[3] Burton Pasternak, Kinship and Community in Two Chinese Villages, Stanford University Press, 1972. pp.146-149. See Wang, Mingming., Social Anthropology and Chinese Studies (Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore, June 1997).
[4] Wang, Songxing, Sinology and Chinese Anthropology, included in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Sinology (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1981), p. 408.
[5] Huang, Shumin. The Development of Han Chinese Social Organizations in Early Dajia Region, included in Li, Yiyuan and Qiao, Jian, eds., China's Ethnic Groups, Society, and Culture (Taipei: Shihhuo, October 1981)
[6] Lin, Meirong. The Society and Beliefs of Taiwanese People (Taipei: Zili Evening News, 1993), pp. 171-198. Also see Lin, M., Ritual Circles and Local Society (Taipei: Boyang Culture, 2008) and Lin, M., Taiwanese Altar Halls and Rock Shrines (Taipei: Taiwan Bookstore, 2012).
[7]Wang, Mingming. Social Anthropology and Chinese Studies, p. 82. Related discussions can be found in Pan, Shihui., Research on Inter-Village Organizations in Jiayi during the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan Historical Sites 39, December 2001, pp. 69-70.
[8] Skinner, G. W. translated by Shi, Jianyun and Xu, Xiuxiu, Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China (Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1988), p. 7. Skinner's research can be found at Skinner G.W., Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China, Journal of Asian Studies 24:1、24:2、24:3，1964、1965。
[9] Skinner, G. W. Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China (Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1988), p. 25.
[10] Shi, Tianfu. The Differentiation and Growth of Taiwan's Urban Streets in the Qing Dynasty: A Correlative Analysis of Administration, Military Affairs, and Scale (Part 1), Taiwan Scenery, 39:2, June 1989.
[11] Chen, Meiling. Settlement Development on the Chiayi Plain- Before 1945, Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, 1999, p. 54
[12] Tonnies, translated by Lin, Rongyuan: Community and Society, Beijing: Commercial Press, 1999. Baidu Encyclopedia, https://baike.baidu.com/item/Tonnies/3334969?fr=aladdin.
[13] Wang, Xiaoqing. Understanding Ferdinand Tönnies' Community and Society, Market Weekly, 2nd issue of 2014, p. 114. The concept of 'community', also translated as 'community', was introduced by anthropologists and sociologists in the 1930s. Translating 'Community' as 'community' integrates both the social and geographical meanings into one word. See Zhang, Guofang: The Typological Significance of Tönnies' Classification of Community/Society, Academic Monthly, Issue 2, 2019, p. 83.
[14] Shen, Zhenmin. Ritual Circles and Social Organizations- A Study of the Development Model of Settlements on the Changhua Plain, published in the 36th issue of the Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 1973, p.198.
[15] Ni, Zanyuan et al. Yunlin County Interview Records, 1894; Nantou: Taiwan Provincial Literature Committee, 1993, p. 122. For the study of the toponym "Tuku", please refer to Jian, Hongyi: Tuku Research: The Origin of Local Names and Their Connection with the East Asian World, published in Taiwan Studies Journal, Volume 6, October 2012.
[16]Tuku Shun-Tian Temple Management Committee, Chronicles of Shun Tian Temple, Yunlin: Tuku Shun-Tian Temple Management Committee, 1969, p. 9. See Temporary Taiwan Old Customs Investigation Committee, Second Part Economic Data Report of the Temporary Taiwan Old Customs Investigation Committee-Volume One. Taipei: Temporary Taiwan Old Customs Investigation Committee, 1905, p. 624.
[17] Ni, Zanyuan et al., editors: Interview Records of Yunlin County, p. 120.
[18]Tuku Shun-Tian Palace Management Committee, Chronicles of Shun Tian Palace, page 9.
[19]Yunlin County Temple Literature Grand View Compilation Committee, Yunlin County Temple Literature Grand View, Tainan: Literature Publishing House, 1972, p. 134.
[20]Tuku Shun-Tian Palace Management Committee, Chronicles of Shun Tian Palace, pp. 10-11
[21] Gong, Yifan. Lantern Culture in Mazu Beliefs (Part One), Chinese Mazu Magazine, May 29, 2019. See Gong, Y., Lantern Culture in Mazu Beliefs (Part Two), Chinese Mazu Magazine, May 30, 2019.
[22] Xianfeng 2th year (1852), the preface of Record of Rebuilding Shun-Tian Temple was included in He, Peifu's compilation: Illustrated Records of Existing Steles in Taiwan- Yunlin County, Nantou County Volume, the Central Library Taiwan Branch, Taipei, 1996, pp. 72-73.
[23] Xianfeng 2th year (1852), the Record of the Construction of Shun-Tian Temple was included in He, Peifu's compilation: Illustrated Records of Existing Steles in Taiwan- Yunlin County, Nantou County Volume, pp. 66-68.
[24] Xianfeng 2th year (1852), the Record of Completing the Construction of the Zen Room and Sacred Pavilion at Shun-Tian Temple was recorded, included in He, Peifu's compilation: Illustrated Records of Existing Steles in Taiwan Region- Yunlin County, Nantou County Volume, pp. 69-71.
[25] Ni, Zanyuan et al., editors, Interview Records of Yunlin County, p. 127.
[26] Lin, Hao. Records of Japan, 1880, Nantou: Taiwan Provincial Literature Committee, 1997, p. 41. See Wu, Degong., Brief Account of the Dai Case', the Complete Works of Mr. Wu, D., Nantou: Taiwan Provincial Literature Committee, 1992, p. 32. See Ding, Yajian compiled: Essential Records for Governing Taiwan, Nantou: Taiwan Provincial Literature Committee, 1997, p. 567.
[27] Lin, Hao. Records of Japan, p. 31 and p. 40. See Pan, Shihui: A Study of Village Inter-organizational Relations in Jiayi Region during the Qing Dynasty, pp. 97-98.
[28] The 'Moon Report' for August 25, 1863, List of Scholar-Gentry and Civilians Who Contributed to Defending Chia-yi City and Assisting Military Forces in Repelling Rebel Attacks and Lifting the Siege, is included in Shen, Jinghong et al., editors, Taiwan Historical Materials from the Qing Palace Moon Reports (Volume One), Taipei: National Palace Museum, October 1994, p. 528.
[29] The concept of cultural power networks can be found in Prasenjit Duara's book 'Culture, Power, and The State: Rural North China, 1900-1942', Stanford University Press, 1988. A good example of this in Taiwanese society is the practice of donating to build temples.
[30] Zhou, Xianghe: Understanding Immigrants Identity through Qing Dynasty Public Cemeteries-the Mass grave in Taiwan, Taiwan Research Journal, Issue 2, 1994, p. 67.
[31] Chen, Zhide. The Development of Han Society in Yunlin during the Qing Dynasty, National Cheng Kung University Department of History, 2006, p. 124.
[32] Ni, Zanyuan et al., editors: Yunlin County Investigation Book, pp. 123-124.
