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International Journal Of Forest, Animal And Fisheries Research(IJFAF)

Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Genotoxicity, ROS Production, and Epigenetic Alterations: A Comprehensive Review

Ravindra Kumar Yadav , Sneha Verma , Ramakant , Akshay Kumar Singh , Vaibhav Pandey

Article Info: Received: 25 Mar 2025; Received in revised form: 20 Apr 2025; Accepted: 25 Apr 2025; Available online: 02 May 2025

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DOI: 10.22161/ijfaf.9.2.1

Journal : International Journal Of Forest, Animal And Fisheries Research(IJFAF)

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This review provides an overview of the current insights into the genotoxic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), the mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the subsequent epigenetic alterations. With the increasing utilization of IONPs in biomedical and industrial sectors, it is imperative to address the potential negative impacts associated with their use. This article consolidates research findings regarding the pathways through which IONPs can cause DNA damage, the generation of ROS via Fenton reactions and alternative mechanisms, and the modifications to the epigenetic landscape, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the expression of non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, we explore the physicochemical characteristics that affect IONP toxicity, methodologies for assessing toxicity, regulatory implications, and prospective avenues for future research. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is essential for the advancement of safer IONP-based technologies while minimizing risks to human health and environmental safety.

Iron oxide nanoparticles, genotoxicity, reactive oxygen species, epigenetic alterations, nanotoxicology

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