• editor.aipublications@gmail.com
  • Track Your Paper
  • Contact Us
  • ISSN: XXXX-XXXX

International Journal Of Chemical, Gas And Material Science(IJCGM)

Excess iron load: Physiological responses and Oxidative stress

Ikpesu T.O. , Osioma E

Download | Downloads : 6 | Total View : 1388

Journal : International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF)

Share

Water in Niger-Delta region, Nigeria is either red or yellows due to the high concentration of iron. Hence, the physiological responses and oxidative stress biomarkers on Clarotes laticep, one of the dominant fish species in this region exposed to iron was investigated. Environmental concentration of the metal was evaluated in the fish caught from one of the major Rivers in the region. The fish were exposed to the ranges of concentrations observed in the field. The physico-chemical characteristics of the text media were similar to the ones observed in the field. Fish were starved 48•hours to clear the gut contents before starting the experiment. At the end of each experimental period, blood was collected and fish transferred into a clean aquaria containing de-chlorinated tap water for 28 days to allow depuration and returned to the wide. Lipid peroxidation level, Catalase activity, glutathione (GSH) level and Superoxide dismutase activity were measured using respective analytical methods. There was an induction and inhibition of the activity of these enzymes, an indication of oxidative stress. The concentration of iron recorded in C. laticep was above the recommendation limit for human and aquatic life. A call for holistic treatment of water in this region become imperative, and fish from this region needs to be depurated before consumption or sales to the public. Though, iron is an essential nutrient, is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies. However, iron overload can damage internal organs and may increase the risk of diabetes, heart attack and cancer.

Iron, Clarotes laticep, Lipid peroxidation, Catalase, GSH, and Superoxide dismutase.

[1] J.W. Halliday,G.A. Ramm , and L.W. Powell, Cellular iron processing and storage: the role of ferritin. In: Brock JH, Halliday JW, Pippard MJ, Powell LW, eds. Iron metabolism in health and disease. London: WB Saunders Co Ltd, 1994,pp 97–121.
[2] L.W. Powell, E.Jazwinska , and J.W. Halliday, Primary iron overload. In:Brock JH, Halliday JW, Pippard MJ, Powell LW, eds. Iron metabolism in health and disease. London: WB Saunders Co Ltd, 1994,227–70,
[3] J.T. Salonen, K.Nyyssonen, H. Korpela, J.Tuomilehto,R. Seppanen,and R. Salonen, High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation, 86:803–11,1992
[4] G.Klipstein, K. Koster, and J.F.Grobbee, Serum ferritin and risk of myocardial infarction in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr,69:1231–6,1999
[5] R.G.Stevens, D.Y.Jones, M.S.Micozzi, and P.R.Taylor, Body iron stores and the risk of cancer. N Engl J Med.,319:1047–52,1999
[6] T.P.Tuomainen, K. Nyyssonen, and R. Salonen, Body iron stores are associated with serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations. Population study in 1,013 eastern Finnish men. Diabetes Care, 20:426–8,1997.
[7] M.H.Sevcikova, A. Modra, Z. Slaninova, and Z. Svobodova, Metals as a cause of oxidative stress in fish: a review; Veterinarni Medicina, 56,(11): 537–546,2011
[8] Y.Nishida, The chemical process of oxidative stress by copper (II) and iron (III) ions in several neu-rodegenerative disorders. Monatshefte fur Chemie 142, 375–384,2011
[9] A. Valavanidis, T. Vlahogianni, and M. Dassenakis, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 64,78–189,2006
[10] S.A. Kelly, C.M. Havrilla, and T.C. Brady, Environ. Health Perspect. 106,375–384,1998
[11] F. Lucesoli, and C.G. Fraga, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 316, 567–571,1995
[12] S.S.Borković, J.S.Šaponjić, S.Z.Pavlović, D.P.Blagojević, and S.M.Milošević, The activity of antioxidant defence enzymes in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Adriatic Sea. Comp Biochem Physiol.,141C:366–374,2005
[13] A.Celso,D. Bainy, and M.Narques, Global analysis of biomarker responses in aquatic organisms exposed to contaminants. Commun. Toxicol . 9,271, 2003
[14] USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency., The Long Island Sound Study: the comprehensive conservation and management plan. Stony Brook (NY): University of New York; Long Island Sound Office of the US EPA, 1994a, 168 p
[15] T.O. Ikpesu, Depuration Technique of Xenobiotics with Reference to Accumulation and Elimination of Paraquat dichloride in Clarias gariepinus, Iranian Journal of Toxicology,Vol.(7) 894-899, 2013
[16] E.Beutler , Red cell metabolism: a manual of biochemical methods. 2. New York: Grune and Stration Company,1975pp 102
[17] S. Lartillot, and P. Kedziora, Athias, A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. [Clin Chem. 1988] Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y Clin Chem., Mar; 34(3):497-500,1988.
[18] C.C.Winterbourn, R.E. Hawkins, M. Brian and R.W.Carrell, The estimation of red cell superoxide dismutase activity. Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 85, 337-341, 1975
[19] Y.Yin, H. Jia, Y.Sun,H. Yu,X. Wang, J.Wu, and Y.Xue, Bioaccumulation and ROS generation in liver of Carassius auratus, exposed to phenanthrene. Comp Biochem Physiol.,145- 153,2007
[20] I.M.Dubovskiy,V.V. Martemyanov,Y.L. Vorontsova, M.J.Rantala, E.V.Gryzanova, and V.V.Glupov, Effect of bacterial infection on antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in the midgut of Galleria mellonella L. larvae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) Comp Biochem Physiol. 2008;148:15.
[21] R.G. Steel, and J.H. Torrie, Principles and Procedures of Statistics, second ed., McGraw Hill, New York, USA, 1980
[22] H.Abei, Catalase in the Method of Enzymatic Analysis. Vol. 2. New York. USA: Academic Press, pp. 673–684, 1974.
[23] O.Durdi and R.Timur, Catalase (antioxidant enzyme) activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Diabetes & Metabolism 15: 22-24,2007.
[24] E.J.Van Kampen, and W.G. Zulstra, standardization of hemoglobinometry. clinica Chimica, A.C.,1961
[25] E. Lopez-Lopez , J.E.Sedeno-Diaz,C. Soto, and L. Favari, Responses of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and Na+ /K+ -ATPase in liver of the fish Goodea atripinnis exposed to Lake Yuriria water. Fish Physiol Biochem.,;37:511 522. 2011
[26] S.F.Perry,. The chloride cell: Structure and functions in the gills of freshwater fishes. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 59: 325-347, 1997.
[27] M.Janero, Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 9 , 515–540, 1990
[28] B.J.Ewa, The Effect of Aquatic Cadmium and Lead Pollution on Lipid Peroxidation and Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Freshwater Fish. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 19, No. 6, 1139-1150, 2010
[29] H.C.Li, Q. Zhou,Y. Wu, J. Fu,T. Wang, and G.Jiang, Effects of waterborne nano-iron on medaka (Oryzias latipes): Antioxidant enzymatic activity, lipid peroxidation and histopathology. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72, 3684–3692, 2009
[30] R.T.M.Baker,P. Martin,S.J. Davies, Ingestion of sub-lethal levels of iron sulphate by African catfish affects growth and tissue lipid peroxidation. Aquatic Toxicology 40, 51–61.Bull 42(3):215–223, 1997
[31] C.B. Raus, C.D.Carvalho, H.S.Araujo, E.L.Espindola, M.N. Fernandes, Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure in the blood of cichlid species from a metal-contaminated river. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 71, 86–93,2008.
[32] T.V.Bagnyukova, O.I. Chahrak, V.I. Lushchak, Coordinated response of gold fish antioxidant defenses to environmental stress. Aquatic Toxicology 78, 325–331,2006
[33] S. Kojima, H. Shimomra and S. Matsumoi, Effect of irradiation with low dose gamma-rays on chemically induced hepatotoxicity and glutathione depletion.Anticancer Res. 20(3A): 1583-1588, 2000
[34] Yin, H. Jia, Y.Sun, H. Yu, X.Wang, J.Wu,and Y. Xue, Bioaccumulation and ROS generation in liver of Carassius auratus, exposed to phenanthrene. Comp Biochem Physiol.;145- 153,2004
[35] J.Zhang, H.Shen, X.Wang, J.Wu, Y.Xue, Effects of chronic exposure of 2,4-dichlorophenol on the antioxidant system in liver of freshwater fish Carassius auratus. Chemosphere.55:167-174,2003.
[36] V.L. Maria,I. Ahmad ,M. Oliveira ,A. Serafimb, M.J.Bebianno,M. Pacheco, and M.A. Santos , Wild juvenile Dicentrarchus labrax L. liver antioxidant and damage responses at Aveiro Lagoon, Portugal. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 2009;172:186
[37] N.C.Yildirim, F. Benzer ,D. Danabas, Evaluation of environmental pollution at Munzur River of Tunceli applying oxidative stress biomarkers in /Capoeta trutta/ (Heckel, 1843. J Anim Plant Sci.,;21(1):66-71, 2011.
[38] S. Pandey,. I.Ahmad, S.Parvez, B. Bin-Hafeez, R. Haque and S. Raisuddin, Effect of endosulfan on antioxidants of freshwater fish Channa punctatus Protection against lipid peroxidation in liver by copper preexposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 41:345–352, 2001.
[39] Q.Kong, J.A.Beel, and K.O. Lillehei,"A threshold concept for cancer therapy". Medical Hypotheses. 55 (1): 29–35, 2011
[40] K.Onodera, N.O. Omoi, K. Fukui, T. Hayasaka, T. Shinkai, S.Suzuki, K. Abe and S.Urano, Oxidative damage of rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and changes in antioxidative defense systems caused by hyperoxia. Free Radic Res 37: 367–372, 2003
[41] M. Haiam, E.Aboul, A. Abi,r, B. Saad, M.A. Amany, C. El-Sikaily, I. Taha, Oxidative stress and DNA damage in relation to transition metals overload in Abu-Qir Bay, Egypt. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 9, 51–58, 2011
[42] J. Diana, F. Paul,L. Katherine, J.M. Tucker, R. Massaro, AND W.F. Peter Wilson,and Richard J Wood. Am J Clin Nutr, 73:638–46,2001
[43] C.Datz, T. Haas,H. Rinner, F. Sandhofer, W. Patsch, B. Paulweber, Heterozygosity for the C282Y mutation in the hemochromatosis gene is associated with increased serum iron, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin in young women: a protective role against iron deficiency? Clin Chem, 44:2429–32, 1998.