• editor.aipublications@gmail.com
  • Track Your Paper
  • Contact Us
  • ISSN: 2456-8635 (NAAS Rating: 3.43)

International Journal Of Horticulture, Agriculture And Food Science(IJHAF)

Nickel – A Trace Element Hardly Considered

Manfred Sager


International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF), Vol-3,Issue-2, March - April 2019, Pages 75-90, 10.22161/ijhaf.3.2.6

Download | Downloads : 8 | Total View : 1687

Share

In this paper, occurrence, environmental mobilities and ecological cycling of nickel up to daily intake and allergic reactions of humans is discussed, mainly based on data of the author and others, which are often hidden in multi-element tables, and not available via keywords. Whereas, apart from some hotspots of geology, nickel occurrence in Central Europe is moderate, sources of pollution are mainly smelters and oil production. Oil combustion is likely a main source of nickel pollution in street dust, and after oil spills. Remediation and phytomining may be possible by use of special accumulator plants. Fertilizers do not increase nickel levels in soils. In green plants, nickel levels are much higher than in animal tissues and products of animal origin, and in fungi they are highly variable. From this, vegans have 4-5 times the daily intake compared with mixed diet feeders, which already touches the range of allergic reactions of sensitive persons. Essentiality and toxic effects are also discussed.

Nickel – environmental occurrence, feeds, food, daily intake, metabolism, toxicity, allergy.

[1] ALIMONTI A., PETRUCCI F., FIORAVANTI S., LAURENTI F., CAROLI S. 1997. Assessment of the content of selected trace elements in serum of term and pre-term newborns by ICP-MS. Anal. Chim. Acta 342, 75-81
[2] ANDER E.L., WATTS M.J., SMEDLEY P.L., HAMILTON E.M., CLOSE R., CRABBE H., FLETCHER T., RIMELL A., STUDDEN M., LEONARDI G. 2016. Variability in the chemistry of private drinking water supplies and the impact of domestic treatment systems on water quality. Environ. Geochem. Health 38; 1313-1332
[3] Austrian Federal law about sustainable waste economy = Bundesgesetz über eine nachhaltige Abfallwirtschaft (Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz 2002 – AWG 2002) StF: BGBl. I Nr. 102/2002, Fassung vom 14.05.2018
[4] AZIZ H.A., MOHD N.A., ARIFFIN K.S. 2008. Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr(III)) removal from water in Malaysia: post treatment with high quality lime stone. Biores. Technol. 99, 1578-1583
[5] BAIZE D., SABY N., DESLAIS W. 2007: Content of eight trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn) in French arable topsoils. Jan 26th 2007, INRA-report Angers 2007
[6] BAKIRCIOGLU D., BAKIRCIOGLU K.Y., UCAR G. 2011. Determination of some trace metal levels in cheese samples packaged in plastic and tin containers by ICP-OES after dry, wet and microwave digestion. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49, 202-207
[7] BAUER H., SMIDT S., STOPPER S., HERMAN F., PUXBAUM H. 2008. Schwermetalleinträge in den Nordtiroler Kalkalpen. Centralblatt für das gesamte Forstwesen 125(2), 103-120
[8] BELLAGAMBA B., CARIDI A., CEREDA E., BRAGA MARCAZZAN G.M., VALKOVIC V. 1993. PIXE application to the study of trace element behaviour in coal combustion cycle. Nucl. Instr.Meth. Phys. Res. B75, 222-229
[9] BERG T., RØYSET O., STEINNES E. 1994. Trace elements in atmospheric precpitation at Norwegian Background stations (1989-90) measured by ICP-MS. Atmosph. Environ. 28 (21), 3519-3536
[10] BODIŠ D., RAPANT S. 1999. Geochemical Atlas of the Slovak Republic, Part IV: Stream Sediments. Bratislava
[11] BONAMONTE D., CRISTAUDO A., NASORRI F., CARBONE T., DE PITA O., ANGELINI G., CAVANI A. 2011. Efficacy of oral hyposensitization in allergic contact dermatitis caused by nickel. Contact Dematitis 65, 293-301
[12] BREWER E.P., LI YIN M., CHANEY R.L., BURKE S., ZDIMAL S., CHEN K., ANGLE K.-Y: GREEN J.C., NELKIN J.P. 2001. Effect of soil pH on nickel and cobalt uptake by two hyperaccumulator Alyssum species grown on metal contaminated soils. Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. Biogeochem. Trace Elem., Guelph, 127
[13] BROOKS R.R., CHAMBERS M.F., NICKS L.J., ROBINSON B.H. 1998. Phytomining. Perspectives 3(9), 359-362
[14] BROWN P.H., WELCH R.M., CARY E.E. 1987. Nickel: a micronutrient for higher plants. Plant Physiol. 85, 801-803
[15] BRÜGGEMANN J., KUMPULAINEN J. 1995. The status of trace elements in staple foods. II Some effects of cereal and potato processing. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 201, 7-11
[16] BRÜGGEMANN J., 1999. Erwünschte und unerwünschte Spurenelemente in Getreide, Kartoffeln und Ölsaaten. Schriftenreihe des BM für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten Reihe A, 483, 32-51
[17] CASALEGNO C., SCHIFANELLA O., ZENNARO E., MARRONCELLI S., BRIANT R., 2015. Collate literature data on toxicity of Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) in experimental animals and humans. EFSA Supporting Publications:EN-478. [287 pp.].
[18] ČEJKA P., HORÁK T., DVOŘÁK J., ČULÍK J., JURKOVÁ M., KELLNER V., HAŠKOVÁ D. 2011. Monitoring of the distribution of some heavy metals during brewing process. Ecol. Chem. Eng. S, 18 (1), 67-74
[19] CLARKE L.B. 1993. The fate of trace elements during coal combustion and gasification: an overview. Fuel 72, 731-736
[20] COOPER C., JIANG J.Q., OUKI S. 2002. Preliminary evaluation of polymeric Fe- and Al-modified clays as adsorbents for heavy metal removal in water treatment. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.77, 546-551
[21] CORDERO P.R.F., BENNETT R.M., BAUTISTA G.S., AGUILAR J.P.P., DEDELES G.R. 2015. Degradation of nickel protoporphyrin disodium and vanadium oxide octaethylporphyrin by Philippine microbial consortia. Bioremediation Journal 19 (2), 93-103
[22] COSTA M., DAVIDSON T.L., CHEN H.B, KE QD, ZHANG P., YAN Y., HUANG CH.SH, KLUZ T. 2005. Nickel carcinogenesis: epigenetics and hypoxia signaling. Mutation Research 592, 79-88
[23] Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal of the European Communities L 330/34, 5.12. 1998
[24] Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste, Official Journal of the European Communities L 182, 16. 7. 1999
[25] DANNEBERG O.H. 1999. Hintergrundwerte von Spurenelementen in den landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden Ostösterreichs. Mitt. Österr. Bodenkundl. Ges. 57, 7-24
[26] DENKHAUS E., SALNIKOW K. 2002. Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Crit. Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 42, 35-56
[27] DESPREZ A., BOUYSSIERE B., ARNAUDGUILHEM C., KRIER G., VERNEX-LOSET L., GIUSTI P. 2014. Study of the size distribution of sulfur, vanadium, and nickel compounds in four crude oils and their distillation cuts by gel permeation chromatography inductively coupled plasma high-resolution mass spectrometry. Energy Fuels 28(6), 3730-3737
[28] DOBROWSKY P.H., CARSTENS M., DE VILLIERS J., CLOETE T.E., KHAN W. 2015. Efficiency of a closed-coupled solar pasteurization system in treating roof harvested rainwater. Sci. Tot. Environ. 536, 206-214
[29] DRBAL K. 1991. Heavy metals in some parts of the ecosystem of surface waters of South Bohemia. Ekologia (ČSFR) 10(3), 327-338
[30] FERNANDEZ ESPINOSA A.J., RODRIGUEZ M.T., BARRAGAIS DE LA ROSA F.J., JIMENEZ SANCHEZ J.C., 2002. A chemical speciaton of trace metals for fine urban particles. Atmosph. Environ. 36, 773-780
[31] Gesetz zum Schutz von schädlichen Bodenveränderungen und zur Sanierung von Altlasten (Bundes-Bodenschutzgesetz) 1999 ((german) act for the protection of hazardous soil changes and remediation of waste)
[32] GIORDANI C., CECCHI S., ZANCHI C., 2005. Phytoremediation of soil polluted by nickel using agricultural crops. Environmental Management 36(5), 675-681
[33] GRANIER L., CHEVREUIL M., CARRU A.M., CHESTERIKOFF A. 1992. Atmospheric fallout of organochlorines and heavy metals in the Paris area (France). Sci Tot. Environ.126, 165-172
[34] Grenzwerteverordnung 2006: Verordnung des Bundesministers für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, mit der die Grenzwerteverordnung 2003 und die Bauarbeiterschutzverordnung geändert werden, BGBl 242/2006 (Austria)
[35] GRAY B.R., HILL W.R. 1995. Nickel sorption by peryphyton exposed to different ligth intensities. J.N.Am. Benthol. Soc 14(2), 299-305
[36] GUÉRIN T., CHEKRI R., VASTEL C., SIROT V., VOLATIER J.L. 2011. Determination of 20 trace elements in fish and other seafood from the French market. Food Chem. 127, 934-942
[37] GUO Y., SCHULZ R., MARSCHNER H. 1995. Genotypic differences in uptake and distribution of cadmium and nickel in plants. Angew. Botanik 69, 42-48
[38] HELAL M., BAIBAGYSHEW E., SABER S. 1998. Uptake of Cd and Ni by spinach, Spinacea oleracea (L.) from polluted soil under field conditions as affected by salt water irrigation. Agronomie 18, 443-448
[39] HÉRY M., PHILIPPOT L., MÉRIAUX E., POLY F., LE ROUX X., NAVARRO E. 2005. Nickel mine spoils revegetation attempts: effect of pioneer plants on two functional bacterial communities involved in the N-cycle. Environ. Microbiol. 7(4), 486-498
[40] HORIE K., MIZUNO N., NOSAKA SH. 2000. Characteristics of nickel accumulation in native plants growing in ultramafic rock areas in Hokkaido. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 46(4), 853-862
[41] IEGGLI C.V.S., BOHRER D., DO NASCIMENTO P.C., DE CARVALHO L.M. 2011. Flame and graphite furnace AAS for trace element determination in vegetable oils, margarine and butter after sample emulsification. Food Add. Contam. A, 28(5), 640-648
[42] JENSEN C.S., MENNE T., JOHANSEN J.D. 2006. Systemic contact dermatitis after oral exposure to nickel: a revies with modified meta-analysis. Contact dermatitis 54: 79-86
[43] JORHEM L., SUNDSTRÖM B., ǺSTRAND C., HAEGLUND G. 1989. The levels of Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Cr, Ni, Co, and Al in the meat, liver and kidney of Swedish pigs and cattle. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 188, 39-44
[44] KHOKHOTVA O., WAARA S. 2011. The effect of environmental conditions on the stability of heavy metal filter material complex as assessed by the leaching of the adsorbed metal ions. Environ. Poll.159, 1461-1463
[45] KUKIER U., CHANEY R.L., PETERS C.E., BREWER E.P., ANGLE J.S., LI Y.M., NELKIN J.P. 2001. Growth and Ni-uptake from Ni-contaminated soil by agricultural crops and hyperaccumulator species – the pH effect. Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. Biogeochem. Trace Elem., Guelph, 125
[46] KUO C.Y., WANG J.Y., CHANG S.H., CHEN M.C. 2009. Study of metal concentrations in the environment near diesel transport routes. Atmosph. Environ. 43, 3070-3076
[47] LARSEN E.H., ANDERSEN N.L., MØLLER A, PETERSEN A., MORTENSEN G.K., PETERSEN J. 2002. Monitoring the content and intake of trace elements from food in Denmark. Food Additives and Contaminants 19(1), 33-46
[48] LIMONE B.A., JACOB S.E. 2018. Staphylococcal infections in atopic dermatitis and nickel allergy: Immunologic implications and elemental oppurtunities. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 45, 21-22
[49] LÓPEZ SALVADOR L., MÓNACO L. 2017. Vanadium, nickel and sulfur in crude oils and source rocks and their relationship with biomarkers: implications for the origin of crude oils in Venezuelan basins. Org. Geochem. 104, 53-68
[50] MAVROS P., ZOUBOULIS A.I., LAZARIDIS N.K. 1993. Removal of metal ions from wastewaters, the case of nickel. Environ. Technol 14, 83-91
[51] NIELSEN F.H. 1991. Nutritional requirements for boron, silicon, vanadium, nickel, and arsenic: current knowledge and speculation. The FASEB Journal 5, 2661-2667
[52] NIKKARINEN M., MERTANEN E. 2004. Impact of geological origin on trace element composition of edible mushrooms. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 17(3-4), 301-310
[53] PAULSEN P., SAGER M. 2017. Nickel and copper residues in meat from wild artiodactyls hunted with nickel-plated non-lead rifle bullets. Eur J Wildl Res 63(4), Art.63
[54] PLAHL F., ROGALSKI W., GILNREINER G., ERHART E 2002. Vienna´s biowaste compost – quality development and effects of input materials. Waste Management and Research 20, 127-133
[55] PIRKL H., SCHEDL A., PFLEIDERER S. 2015. Geochemischer Atlas von Österreich – Bundesweite Bach- und Flusssedimentgeochemie 1978-2010, Archiv für Lagerstättenforschung 28, 288 pp.
[56] PIRONE N., KEELER G.J., WARNER P.O. 1995. Trends of ambient concentrations and deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Detroit from 1982-1992. Sci. Tot. Environ. 162, 43-61
[57] RICHTER P., GRINO P., AHUMADA I., GIORDANO A. 2007. Total element concentration and chemical fractionation in airborne particulate matter from Santiago, Chile. Atmosph. Environ. 41 (32), 6729-6738
[58] ROSS S M, WOOD M D, COPPLESTONE D, WARRINE M, CROOK P. 2007. Environmental concentrations of heavy metals in UK soil and herbage. Environment Agency, Bristol UK, June 2007
[59] SAGER M., PUCSKO R., BELOCKY R. 1989. Evaluation of the speciation of inorganic constituents in sediments of the Reservoir at Altenwörth of the River Danube. Arch. hydrobiol. Suppl. 84, 37-72
[60] SAGER M. 1995. Migration of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in low-permeable clay-type solids in presence of acid complexants in contaminated soils. Third International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements(Prost R. ed.), Colloque n°85, INRA Editions, Paris
[61] SAGER M., VOGEL W. 1993. Heavy metal load of sediments of the River Gurk (Carinthia/Austria) - Merits and limitations of sequential leaching. Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol.21, 21-34
[62] SAGER M., MITTENDORFER J. 1997. Influence of Milling or Cutting Procedures on Trace Element Contents of Plant Samples. Int. Journal of Environ. Anal. Chem. 67, 59-71
[63] SAGER M. 1999. Environmental Aspects of Trace Elements in Coal Combustion. Tox. Environ. Chem. 71, 159-183
[64] SAGER M. 2001. Barrier Effects of Low- Permeable Clay Type Solids. Experiments with Model Leachates Containing Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb and Organic Acids. Geosystem Eng. 4(1), 1-12
[65] SAGER M. 2005. Aktuelle Elementgehalte in Fleisch und Innereien aus Österreich (Current elemental composition of meat, liver and kidneys from Austria). Ernährung/Nutrition 29(5), 199-206
[66] SAGER M. 2006. Micro- and macro-element composition of animal feedstuffs sold in Austria. Ernährung/Nutrition 30 (11), 455 – 473
[67] SAGER M. 2009. Fertilization loads of less common elements to arable soils in Austria In; Organic Farming: Methods, Economics and Structure. ISBN 978-1-60692-864-6. Editors: Michael Nelson and Ivan Artamova © 2009 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter 7, p.145-178
[68] SAGER M. 2010. Über die Elementzusammensetzung von in Österreich erhältlichen Fertiggerichten und Wurstwaren. Ernährung/Nutrition. 34: 2, 57-64
[69] SAGER M. 2011. Mengen- und Spurenelemente in österreichischen Hühnereiern. Ernährung/Nutrition 35(2), 53-58
[70] SAGER M. 2012. Element Composition from Urban Biowaste compared with Organic Fertilizers of Agricultural Origin, in: Progress on Heavy Metals in the Environment; Selected Papers of the ICHMET-15 Conference; J. Nriagu, J. Pacyna, P. Szefer, B. Markert, S. Wünschmann, J. Namiesnik eds., Maralte books, chapter 13.0: 1-14; 2321 DK Leiden, Niederlande
[71] SAGER M. 2012. Haupt- und Spurenelemente von Käse in Österreich. Ernährung/Nutrition 36, 149-159
[72] SAGER M. 2012. Chocolate and Cocoa Products as A Source of Essential Elements in Nutrition. J Nutr Food Sci 2:123
[73] SAGER M., HOBEGGER M. 2013. Elementgehalte in Rohmilch aus drei Regionen Niederösterreichs; (Contents of elements in raw milk from three regions in Lower Austria). Ernährung/Nutrition 37 (7/8), 277-290
[74] SAGER M. 2014. Element- und Spurenelementgehalte von Äpfeln (Element and Trace Element Content of Apples). Journal für Ernährungsmedizin Oktober 2014, 8-12.
[75] SAGER M. 2015. Elementgehalte und Spurenelementgehalte in Rohmilch aus Österreich – Vergleich Almmilch – Stallmilch. VDLUFA - Schriftenreihe 70, 483-492
[76] SAGER M., CHON H.T., MARTON L. 2015. Spatial variation of contaminant elements of roadside dust samples from Budapest (Hungary) and Seoul (Republic of Korea), including Pt, Pd and Ir. Environ Geochem Health 37, 181–193
[77] SAGER M. 2016. Element- und Spurenelementgehalte in handelsüblichen Milchprodukten in Österreich (Element and trace element contents in Austrian commercial dairy products). Journal für Ernährungsmedizin (jem); 16(1), 12
[78] SAGER M., ERHART E. (2016). Spurenelemente in Getreide im Zusammenhang mit mobilen Bodenfraktionen untern konventioneller bzw. biologischer Bewirtschaftung. VDLUFA Schriftenreihe 73, 143-149
[79] SAGER M. 2016. A simplified extraction schema to for the analytical characterization of apple orchard soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments 16(4), 1193-1202
[80] SAGER M. 2017. Main and Trace Element Contents of Tomatoes Grown in Austria. Journal of Food Science and Engineering 7(5), 239-248.
[81] SAGER M. 2017. The honey as a bioindicator of the environment. Ecol.Chem. Eng. S. 24(4), 583-594
[82] SAGER M. 2018. Content of elements and trace elements in Austrian commercial dairy products. Journal of Elementology 23(1): 381-400
[83] SAGER M., LUCKE A., GHAREEB KH., ALLYMEHR M., ZEBELI Q., BÖHM J. 2018. Dietary deoxynivalenol does not affect mineral element accumulation in breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicken. Mycotoxin Research, 34(2), 117-121
[84] SAKATA M., TANI Y, TAKAGI T. 2008. Wet and dry deposition fluxes of trace elements in Tokyo Bay. Atmosph. Environ. 42, 5913-5922
[85] ŠČANČAR J., MILAČIČ R., STRAŽAR M., BURICA O., BUKOVEC P. 2001. Environmentally safe sewage sludge diposal: the impact of liming on the behaviour of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. J. Environ. Monit. 3, 226-231
[86] SCHAUMLÖFFEL D. 2012. Nickelspezies: Analyse und toxische Effekte. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 26, 1-6
[87] SCHELLER R., STRAHLMANN B., SCHWEDT G. 1988. Lebensmittelchemische und –technologische Aspekte zur nickelarmen Ernährung bei endogen bedingten Kontaktekzemen. Hautarzt 39, 491-407
[88] SUK S.M., SU K.D. 2004. Adsorption Features of Nickel Ion on Waste Coffee Grounds. Fall convention of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Hoam Convention Centre of Seoul National University, 2004. ISBN 89-950026-9-7-93550
[89] SPIEGEL H., SAGER M. 2008. Elementzusammensetzung von Weizen und Kartoffeln in Österreich unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses von Sorte und Standort. Ernährung/Nutrition 32, 7/8, 297-308
[90] STASINOS S., ZABETAKIS I. 2013. The uptake of nickel and chromium from irrigation water by potatoes, carrots and onions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 91, 122-128
[91] Statistik Austria (2012): Standard-Dokumentation – Metainformationen (Definitionen, Erläuterungen, Methoden, Qualität) zu den Versorgungsbilanzen für den tierischen und pflanzlichen Sektor. Version edited on April 27th, 2012. http://www.statistik.at
[92] STRECK S., ROSKOS M., DEUFEL T., WINNEFELD K 2003. Elementscreening mit ICP-MS, AAS und ISE bei ausgewählten Erkrankungen. CANAS 03, P2-10
[93] TADAYON F., LAHIJI N. 2011. Availability of essential and nonessential elements in tea samples produced in Iran. International Journal of Academic Research 3, 1071-1075
[94] TADAYON F., ABDOLLAHI A., RAJABI N.S., OSTOVAR R. 2014. Relationship between the level of zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium in hair of people with diabetes. E3S Web of Conferences. 1. 41012. 10.1051/e3sconf/20130141012
[95] THEVANNAN A., MUNGROO R., NIU C.H. 2010. Biosorption of nickel with barley straw. Biores. Technol. 101, 1776-1780
[96] Verordnung des Bundesministers für soziale Sicherheit und Generationen über die Qualität von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch (Trinkwasserverordnung - TWV), StF: BGBl. II Nr. 304/2001 [CELEX-Nr.: 398L0083], in der Fassung BGBl. I Nr. 51/2017
[97] VOLKENING J., HEUMANN K.G. 1990. Heavy metals in the near-surface aerosol over the Atlantic Ocean from 60° South to 54° North. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 20623-20632
[98] VOUTSA D., SAMARA C. 2002. Labile and bioaccessible fractions of heavy metals in the airborne particulate matter from urban and industrial areas. Atmosph. Environ. 36, 3583-3596
[99] WELCH J.E., LUND L.J. 1987. Soil properties, irrigation water quality, and soil moisture level influences on the movement of nickel in sewage sludge treated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 16(4), 403-410
[100] WILPLINGER M., PFANNHAUSER W. 1998. Essentielle Spurenelemente Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Se und Zn. Bericht über das Forschungsprojekt GZ.353.064. Wien: Bundeskanzleramt, Sekt. VI
[101] WISE JR. J.P., WISE J.T.F., WISE C.F., WISE S.S., GIANIOS JR. C., XIE H. THOMPSON W. D., PERKINS C., FALANK C., WISE SR. J.P. 2014. Concentrations of the genotoxic metals, chromium and nickel, in tar balls, oil slicks, and released oil from the Gulf of Mexico in the immediate aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil crisis: is genetoxic metal exposure part of the deepwater horizon legacy? Environmental Science and Technology 48, 2997-3006
[102] SUH Y.J., JANG H.D., CHANG H.K., HWANG D.W., KIM H.CH. 2004. Kinetics of nickel chloride reduction in preparing Ni nanoparticles in the gasphase. Fall convention of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Hoam Convention Centre of Seoul National University, 2004. ISBN 89-950026-9-7-93550
[103] YOUNGS W.D., RUTZKE M., GUTENMANN W.H., LISK D.J. 1993. Nickel and vanadium in foliage in the vicinity of an oil-fired power plant. Chemosphere 27(7), 1269-1272
[104] YSART G., MILLER P., CREWS H., ROBB P., BAXTER M., DE LARGY CH., LOFTHOUSE S., SARGENT CH., HARRISON N. 1999. Dietary exposure estimates of 30 elements from the UK total diet study. Food Add. Contam. 16(9): 391-403
[105] ZATKA V.J., WARNER J.S., MASKERY D. 1992. Chemical speciation of nickel in airborne dusts: analytical method and results of an interlaboratory test program. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(1), 138-144
[106] ZIEGLER E.N. 2012. Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, 6th Ed., CRC Press Boca Raton – London - New York